https://wiki.nivel-teorico.com/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=James_Alfred_EwingJames Alfred Ewing - Histórico de revisões2026-04-22T21:56:17ZHistórico de edições para esta página nesta wikiMediaWiki 1.40.1https://wiki.nivel-teorico.com/index.php?title=James_Alfred_Ewing&diff=8944&oldid=prevCalimero0000: Criou nova página com '{{Info/Cientista |nome =James Alfred Ewing |imagem =James A Ewing 1855-1835.jpg |tamanho =200px |legenda = |nome_nativ...'2014-03-09T23:49:32Z<p>Criou nova página com '{{Info/Cientista |nome =James Alfred Ewing |imagem =James A Ewing 1855-1835.jpg |tamanho =200px |legenda = |nome_nativ...'</p>
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|nome =James Alfred Ewing<br />
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|nacionalidade ={{SCOb}} [[Escócia|Escocês]]<br />
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|campo =[[Física]], [[engenharia]]<br />
|instituicao_trabalho={{nowrap|[[Universidade de Cambridge]]}}<br />
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|conhecido_por =[[Histerese]]<br />
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[[Sir]] '''James Alfred Ewing''' [[Ordem do Banho|KCB]] [[Membro da Royal Society|FRS]]<ref name="frs">{{cite doi|10.1098/rsbm.1935.0011}}</ref> [[Sociedade Real de Edimburgo|FRSE]] ([[Dundee]], {{dtlink|lang=br|27|3|1855}} — {{dtlink|lang=br|7|1|1935}}) foi um [[Física|físico]] e [[Engenharia|engenheiro]] [[Escócia|escocês]].<br />
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Conhecido por seu trabalho sobre as propriedades magnéticas dos metais e, em particular, por sua descoberta da [[histerese]].<br />
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It was said of Ewing that he was 'Careful at all times of his appearance, his suits were mostly grey, added to which he generally wore - whatever the fashion - a white piqué stripe to his waistcoat, a mauve shirt, a white butterfly collar and a dark blue bow tie with white spots.' he was regarded as brilliant and successful, but was conscious of his dignity and position. On appointment to head the newly created Admiralty codebreaking department, the Director of Naval Intelligence, [[Henry Oliver]], described him as 'too distinguished a man to be placed officially under the orders of the Director of Intelligence or Chief of Staff'. His first wife, Annie, was an American, a great great niece of [[George Washington]].<ref>Beesley p. 10</ref><br />
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==Life==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Born in [[Dundee]], [[Scotland]], Ewing was the third son of the Reverend James Ewing a minister of the [[Free Church of Scotland (1843-1900)|Free Church of Scotland]].<ref name="Archives Records and Artefacts">{{cite web|title=Notable University Figures (1): Sir James Alfred Ewing|url=http://www.archives-records-artefacts.com/2011/06/notable-university-figures-1-sir-james.html|publisher=Archives Records and Artefacts at the University of Dundee|accessdate=30 June 2011}}</ref> He was educated at West End Academy and the [[High School of Dundee]], Ewing showed an early interest in science and technology.<br />
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{{Quotation|In a family whose chief interests were clerical and literary, I took my pleasure in machines and experiments. My scanty pocket money was spent on tools and chemicals. The domestic attic was put at my disposal. It became the scene of hair-raising explosions. There too the domestic cat found herself an unwilling instrument of electrification and a partner in various shocking experiences.}}<ref>[http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/125/1875-1900/ewing.html University of Cambridge biography]</ref><br />
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Ewing won a scholarship to the [[University of Edinburgh]] where he studied under [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]] and [[Peter Guthrie Tait]] before graduating in engineering. During his summer vacations, he worked on [[telegraph]] cable laying expeditions, including one to [[Brazil]], under Thomson and [[Fleeming Jenkin]].<br />
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===Japan===<br />
In 1878, on Fleeming Jenkin's recommendation, Ewing was recruited to help the modernisation of [[Meiji Era]] [[Japan]] as one of the ''[[o-yatoi gaikokujin]]'' (hired foreigners). Serving as professor of [[mechanical engineering]] at the [[Tokyo Imperial University]], he was instrumental in founding Japanese [[seismology]].<br />
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Ewing made two special friends at Tokyo University soon after arriving: [[Basil Hall Chamberlain]] and Lieutenant [[Thomas Henry James]] R.N. who taught navigation. He was also in close contact with [[Henry Dyer]] and [[William Edward Ayrton]] at the [[Imperial College of Engineering]] (''Kobu Dai Gakkō'').<br />
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In Tokyo, Ewing taught courses on mechanics and on [[heat engine]]s to engineering students, and on electricity and magnetism to students of physics. He carried out many research projects on magnetism and coined the word 'hysteresis'. His investigations into earthquakes led him to help [[Thomas Lomar Gray|T. Lomar Gray]] and [[John Milne]] of the Imperial College of Engineering to develop a [[seismometer]]. All three men worked as a team on the invention and use of seismographs, though Milne is generally credited with the invention of the first modern horizontal-pendulum seismograph.<br />
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Ewing joined Gray and Milne in founding the [[Seismological Society of Japan]] (SSJ) in 1880.<ref>Massachusetts Institute of Technology, [http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/milne.html Inventor, John Milne]</ref><br />
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===Return to Dundee===<br />
In 1883, Ewing returned to his native [[Dundee]] to work at the recently established [[University of Dundee|University College Dundee]] as its first Professor of Engineering.<ref name="University Education in Dundee">{{cite book|last=Shafe|first=Michael|title=University Education in Dundee: A Pictorial History|year=1982|publisher=University of Dundee|location=Dundee|page=13}}</ref> He was appalled by the living conditions he found in many of the poorer areas of the town which he felt compared unfavourably with those in Japan. He worked fervently with local government and industry to improve amenities, in particular [[sanitary sewer|sewer]] systems, and to lower the [[infant mortality rate]]. Some of the letters Ewing wrote at this time are now held by Archive Services, [[University of Dundee]] along with some of his other papers.<ref name="Archives Records and Artefacts">{{cite web|title=Notable University Figures (1): Sir James Alfred Ewing|url=http://www.archives-records-artefacts.com/2011/06/notable-university-figures-1-sir-james.html|publisher=Archives Records and Artefacts at the University of Dundee|accessdate=30 June 2011}}</ref> <br />
<ref name="University of Dundee Archive Service Catalogue">{{cite web|title=University of Dundee Archives Services Online Catalogue|url=http://134.36.1.31/dserve.exe?&dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=53&dsqSearch=((text)='ewing')|publisher=University of Dundee|accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref><br />
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A reminder of Ewing's connection with both University College and the city of [[Dundee]] is the [[University of Dundee]]'s Ewing Building which was built in 1954 and named in his honour.<ref name="Archives Records and Artefacts">{{cite web|title=Notable University Figures (1): Sir James Alfred Ewing|url=http://www.archives-records-artefacts.com/2011/06/notable-university-figures-1-sir-james.html|publisher=Archives Records and Artefacts at the University of Dundee|accessdate=30 June 2011}}</ref> <br />
<ref name="University Education in Dundee2">{{cite book|last=Shafe|first=Michael|title=University Education in Dundee: A Pictorial History|year=1982|publisher=University of Dundee|location=Dundee|pages=112–114}}</ref> The Ewing Building is currently used by the University's School of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics.<br />
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===University of Cambridge===<br />
In 1890, Ewing took up the post of Professor of Mechanism and Applied Mechanics at the [[University of Cambridge]], initially at [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], though he later moved to [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]].<ref>{{Venn|id=EWN891JA|name=Ewing, James Alfred}}</ref> At Cambridge, Ewing's research into the magnetisation of metals led him to criticise the conventional account of [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber|Wilhelm Weber]]. In 1890, he observed that magnetisation lagged behind an applied [[alternating current]]. He described the characteristic hysteresis curve and speculated that individual molecules act as magnets, resisting changes in magnetising potential. (Note: According to the book ''Sir Alfred Ewing: A Pioneer in Physics and Engineering'' (1946) by Professor Bates, the discovery of magnetic hysteresis probably occurred before Ewing. However, Ewing re-discovered it, studied it in detail and coined the word ''[[hysteresis]]'').<br />
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Ewing also researched into the crystalline structure of metals and, in 1903, was the first to propose that [[fatigue (material)|fatigue failures]] originated in microscopic defects or ''[[dislocation#Dislocations, slip and plasticity|slip bands]]'' in materials. In 1895 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Society for his work on Magnetic Induction in Iron and other Metals.<ref>{{cite journal|title='''EWING, James Alfred'''|journal=Who's Who,|year=1907|volume= 59|pages=p. 571|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yEcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA571}}</ref><br />
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Ewing was a close friend of Sir [[Charles Algernon Parsons]] and collaborated with him on the development of the [[steam turbine]]. During this time, Ewing published ''The Steam Engine and other Heat Engines'' around this time. In 1897 he took part in the sea-trials of the experimental vessel ''[[Turbinia]]'', which set a new speed record of 35 knots.<br />
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In 1898, Ewing took his wife and children to [[Switzerland]] for a [[mountaineering]] holiday with the family of noted Professor of Electrical Engineering at [[King's College London|King's College]], [[John Hopkinson]]. All five of the Hopkinson brothers were members of the Alpine Club and soon initiated Ewing into the sport of rock climbing. On 27 August, John Hopkinson set out with his son Jack and two of his three daughters to climb. Ewing decided not to go with them as he was feeling a little stiff after his climb the previous day. The party never returned, and was found the next morning, all four bodies roped together five hundred feet below the summit.<br />
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In 1898 Ewing was elected to a Professorial Fellowship at King's College.<br />
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===Admiralty===<br />
On 8 April 1903, ''[[The Times]]'' announced that the [[Board of Admiralty]] selected Ewing for the newly created post of Director of Naval Education (DNE) in [[Greenwich]].<ref>The Times, Wednesday, Apr 08, 1903; The New Director Of Naval Education. Category: Official Appointments and Notices.</ref> <br />
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Ewing's first wife, Annie (née Washington) died in 1909 and, in 1912, he married Ellen, the surviving daughter of his old friend and patron, John Hopkinson.<br />
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As reward for his services, Ewing was made Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]] in 1906 and then Knight Commander of the Bath in 1911.<ref>Beesley p.10</ref><br />
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During [[World War I]], from 1914 to May 1917, Ewing managed ''[[Room 40]]'', the Admiralty intelligence department of [[cryptanalysis]], responsible predominantly for the decryption of intercepted [[Imperial German Navy|German naval messages]]. In this capacity, he achieved considerable fame in the popular press when Room 40 deciphered the [[Zimmermann Telegram]] in 1917 (which suggested a German plot to assist [[Mexico]] in annexing the southwestern [[United States]]). The publication of the Zimmermann Telegram is generally credited as the trigger event which brought American into the Great War.<br />
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===University of Edinburgh===<br />
In May 1916 Ewing accepted an invitation to become Vice-Chancellor of [[Edinburgh University]], in the course of which he instituted an extensive series of effective reforms and which he held until his retirement in 1929. In 1927 he gave a lecture to the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution which contained the first semi-official disclosure of the work done by Room 40.<ref>Beesley p.10</ref><br />
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Sir Alfred Ewing died in 1935.<br />
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==Honours==<br />
*Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] (1878);<br />
*Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] (1887)<ref name="frs"/>;<br />
*[[The Franklin Institute Awards|John Scott Medal]] (1907);<br />
*[[Order of the Bath|CB]] (1907);<br />
*[[Order of the Bath|KCB]] (1911);<br />
*President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1924–1929);<br />
*[[Albert Medal (RSA)|Albert Medal]] of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] (1929);<br />
*President of the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]] (1932);<br />
*The James Alfred Ewing Medal of the [[Institution of Civil Engineers]] has been awarded for ''specially meritorious contributions to the science of engineering in the field of research'' since 1938.<br />
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==Obras==<br />
*{{cite book | author=Ewing, J.A. | title=Treatise on Earthquake Measurement | year=1883 }}<br />
*{{cite book | author=- | title=Magnetic Induction in Iron and Other Metals | year=1891 | location=London | publisher=Van Nostrand }}<br />
*{{cite book | author=- | title=The Steam Engine and other Heat Engines | year=1894 }}<br />
*{{cite book | author=- | title=The Strength of Materials | year=1899 }}<br />
*{{cite book | author=- | title=The Mechanical Production of Cold | year=1908 }}<br />
*{{cite book | author=- | title=Thermodynamics for Engineers | year=1920 }}<br />
*{{cite book | author=- | title=The Mechanical Production of Cold | year=1921 | location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}<br />
*{{cite book | author=- | title=An Engineer's Outlook | year=1933 | publisher=Methuen | location=London }}<br />
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{{Referências}}<br />
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==Bibliografia==<br />
*Bates, L. F. (1946) ''Sir Alfred Ewing: A Pioneer in Physics and Engineering'' ISBN 1-114-51704-6<br />
*Pedlar, Neil, 'James Alfred Ewing and his circle of pioneering physicists in Meiji Japan', Hoare, J.E. ed., ''Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits'' Volume III Chapter 8. Japan Library (1999). ISBN 1-873410-89-1<br />
*{{cite book |title=Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914&ndash;1918 |last=Beesly |first=Patrick |year=1982 |publisher=Hamish Hamilton Ltd |location=Long Acre, London |isbn=0-241-108640-0}}<br />
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==Ver também==<br />
*[[Regius Professor of Engineering]]<br />
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[[Categoria:Presidentes da Sociedade Real de Edimburgo]]<br />
[[Categoria:Medalha Real]]<br />
[[Categoria:Cavaleiros Comandantes da Ordem do Banho]]<br />
[[Categoria:Membros da Royal Society]]<br />
[[Categoria:Professores da Universidade de Tóquio]]<br />
[[Categoria:Engenheiros da Escócia]]<br />
[[Categoria:Físicos da Escócia]]<br />
[[Categoria:Ex-alunos da Universidade de Edimburgo]]<br />
[[Categoria:Naturais de Dundee]]</div>Calimero0000