Conversível (automóvel) - Histórico de revisões

Calimero0000 em 09h41min de 20 de fevereiro de 2015

2015-02-20T09:41:23Z

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	[[Ficheiro:Porsche 911 Turbo Cabriolet (7266829930).jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|[[Porsche 997\|Porsche 911 Turbo convertible (Type 997)]] with retractable windows and retracted softtop]]		[[Ficheiro:Porsche 911 Turbo Cabriolet (7266829930).jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|[[Porsche 997\|Porsche 911 Turbo convertible (Type 997)]] with retractable windows and retracted softtop]]

	O '''conversível''' ~~is an~~ [[automobile body style]] ~~that can~~ ''~~convert'' between an open-air mode and an enclosed one~~, ~~varying in degree and means by model~~. ~~Convertibles evolved from the earlier~~ [[Phaeton ~~body~~\|phaeton]], ~~an open vehicle without glass side windows that may have had removable panels of fabric or other~~ material ~~for protection from the elements~~.		O '''conversível''' é um [[automobile body style\|classe de automóvel]], que pode 'Converter ' entre um modo de céu aberto e um fechado, variando em grau e meio por modelo. Conversíveis evoluídos a partir da anterior [[Phaeton (automóvel)\|phaeton]], um veículo aberto sem janelas laterais de vidro que possam ter tido painéis removíveis de tela ou outro material para proteção contra os elementos.

	~~Historically~~, ~~a retractable roof consisted of an articulated~~ frame ~~covered with a ''~~'~~folding textile-based fabric~~''' similar ~~to that on an~~ [[phaeton (~~carriage~~)\|~~open carriage~~]] ~~evolved into the most common form~~. ~~A lesser seen~~ ''~~'detachable~~ hardtop''~~' provided a more weatherproof and secure alternative~~. ~~As technology improved~~ a '''[[~~retractable~~ hardtop]]''' which removes and stows its own rigid roof in its trunk appeared, increasingly becoming the most popular form.		Historicamente, um teto retrátil era consistituido de um frame articulado, coberto com um ''dobradura de tecido têxtil de base'' similar a uma [[phaeton (carruagem)\|carruagem aberta]] que evoluiu para a forma mais comum. Um menor visto ''hardtop destacável'' forneceu uma alternativa mais resistente e segura. Como a tecnologia melhorada um '''[[hardtop retrátil]]''' which removes and stows its own rigid roof in its trunk appeared, increasingly becoming the most popular form.

	A '''[[cabrio coach\|semi-convertible]]''' also known as a ''cabrio coach'' has a retractable or removable top which retains fully framed windows on its doors and side glass. A '''[[landaulet]]''' is a semi-enclosed convertible with a fully enclosed front cabin and an open rear, typically with a folding fabric top and roll-down glass all round.		A '''[[cabrio coach\|semi-convertible]]''' also known as a ''cabrio coach'' has a retractable or removable top which retains fully framed windows on its doors and side glass. O '''[[Landaulet (automóvel)\|landaulet]]''' is a semi-enclosed convertible with a fully enclosed front cabin and an open rear, typically with a folding fabric top and roll-down glass all round.

	Most convertibles are [[Roadster (automobile)\|roadster]]s, with two or four-door [[touring car]] forms next, the latter being a rarity.		Most convertibles are [[Roadster (automobile)\|roadster]]s, with two or four-door [[touring car]] forms next, the latter being a rarity.

Calimero0000 em 20h57min de 19 de fevereiro de 2015

2015-02-19T20:57:53Z

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Calimero0000 em 20h41min de 19 de fevereiro de 2015

2015-02-19T20:41:52Z

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	{{Ver desambig}}		{{Ver desambig\|conversível}}
	{{Redirect\|Cabriolet\|~~the horse carriage~~\|cabriolet (~~carriage~~)}}		{{Redirect\|Cabriolet\|carruagem de cavalos\|cabriolet (carruagem)}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2014}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2014}}
	[[~~File~~:Cadillac Eldorado 2.JPG\|thumb\|right\|250px\|[[Cadillac Eldorado]] c.1959, with zipper openable clear plastic rear window]]		[[Ficheiro:Cadillac Eldorado 2.JPG\|thumb\|right\|250px\|[[Cadillac Eldorado]] c.1959, with zipper openable clear plastic rear window]]
	[[~~File~~:Porsche 911 Turbo Cabriolet (7266829930).jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|[[Porsche 997\|Porsche 911 Turbo convertible (Type 997)]] with retractable windows and retracted softtop]]		[[Ficheiro:Porsche 911 Turbo Cabriolet (7266829930).jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|[[Porsche 997\|Porsche 911 Turbo convertible (Type 997)]] with retractable windows and retracted softtop]]

	A '''~~convertible~~''' is an [[automobile body style]] that can ''convert'' between an open-air mode and an enclosed one, varying in degree and means by model. Convertibles evolved from the earlier [[Phaeton body\|phaeton]], an open vehicle without glass side windows that may have had removable panels of fabric or other material for protection from the elements.		A '''conversível''' is an [[automobile body style]] that can ''convert'' between an open-air mode and an enclosed one, varying in degree and means by model. Convertibles evolved from the earlier [[Phaeton body\|phaeton]], an open vehicle without glass side windows that may have had removable panels of fabric or other material for protection from the elements.

	Historically, a retractable roof consisted of an articulated frame covered with a '''folding textile-based fabric''' similar to that on an [[phaeton (carriage)\|open carriage]] evolved into the most common form. A lesser seen '''detachable hardtop''' provided a more weatherproof and secure alternative. As technology improved a '''[[retractable hardtop]]''' which removes and stows its own rigid roof in its trunk appeared, increasingly becoming the most popular form.		Historically, a retractable roof consisted of an articulated frame covered with a '''folding textile-based fabric''' similar to that on an [[phaeton (carriage)\|open carriage]] evolved into the most common form. A lesser seen '''detachable hardtop''' provided a more weatherproof and secure alternative. As technology improved a '''[[retractable hardtop]]''' which removes and stows its own rigid roof in its trunk appeared, increasingly becoming the most popular form.

Calimero0000 em 20h32min de 19 de fevereiro de 2015

2015-02-19T20:32:50Z

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{{outros usos}}
{{Redirect|Cabriolet|the horse carriage|cabriolet (carriage)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
[[File:Cadillac Eldorado 2.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Cadillac Eldorado]] c.1959, with zipper openable clear plastic rear window]]
[[File:Porsche 911 Turbo Cabriolet (7266829930).jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Porsche 997|Porsche 911 Turbo convertible (Type 997)]] with retractable windows and retracted softtop]]

A '''convertible''' is an [[automobile body style]] that can ''convert'' between an open-air mode and an enclosed one, varying in degree and means by model. Convertibles evolved from the earlier [[Phaeton body|phaeton]], an open vehicle without glass side windows that may have had removable panels of fabric or other material for protection from the elements.

Historically, a retractable roof consisted of an articulated frame covered with a '''folding textile-based fabric''' similar to that on an [[phaeton (carriage)|open carriage]] evolved into the most common form. A lesser seen '''detachable hardtop''' provided a more weatherproof and secure alternative. As technology improved a '''[[retractable hardtop]]''' which removes and stows its own rigid roof in its trunk appeared, increasingly becoming the most popular form.

A '''[[cabrio coach|semi-convertible]]''' also known as a ''cabrio coach'' has a retractable or removable top which retains fully framed windows on its doors and side glass. A '''[[landaulet]]''' is a semi-enclosed convertible with a fully enclosed front cabin and an open rear, typically with a folding fabric top and roll-down glass all round.

Most convertibles are [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]]s, with two or four-door [[touring car]] forms next, the latter being a rarity.

==Other terms==
In {{Lang-en-GB|'''drophead coupé'''}} is used instead of "convertible". Other common terms include '''cabriolet''', '''cabrio''', '''soft top''', '''drop top''', '''rag top''', '''spider''', and '''spyder'''. Historically, a spider was an open two-seat car with no provision for a top, as with the [[Porsche 550]] Spyder, and thus not a convertible. In time the term has been adopted to describe removable and retractable hardtops.

== Folding textile roof ==
The collapsible textile roof section (of cloth or vinyl) over an articulated folding frame may include linings such as a sound-deadening layer or interior cosmetic headliner (to hide the frame)  – or both – and may have electrical or electro-hydraulic mechanisms for raising the roof. The erected top secures to the windshield frame header with manual latches, semi-manual latches, or fully automatic latches. The folded convertible top is called the ''stack''.
[[File:1967 Ambassador DPL conv top-down-winter-FL palm.jpg|thumb|right|250px|1967 [[AMC Ambassador]] convertible with its fabric top folded]]

===Pros and cons===
====Pros====
Among the advantages of convertible tops are:
* All-round visibility
* Maximized ventilation
* Ease of entry and exit
* Ability to transport large objects
* Enhanced driving pleasure

==== Cons ====
Disadvantages of fabric top convertibles include:
* Potentially reduced safety.
* Poor break-in protection.
* Deterioration and shrinkage of the sun-exposed textile fabric over time.
* Problems with trunk floor pan rust-through due to leakage of an improperly maintained top.
* A heavier vehicle and higher curb weight due to additional structure required to restore both torsion and flexure stiffness normally provided by a metal roof and (in some cases) door window frames, and additional weight from motorized mechanisms (where provided). Body-on-frame styles usually included an entire X-brace within the conventional ladder frame.
* A narrower rear seat due to space required by the folded side rails.
* Potential diminished rear visibility due to smaller rear window or UV deterioration of plastic pane
* Potential diminished [[Torsion (mechanics)|structural rigidity]], requiring significant engineering and modification to counteract the effects of removing a car's roof.<ref name="nyt2">{{cite news | title = 2007 Volkswagen Eos: In Praise of a Convertible Goddess |newspaper = The New York Times | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/automobiles/autoreviews/08VOLKS.html?_r=1&st=cse&sq=convertible&scp=20&oref=slogin|first=Jerry |last=Garrett |date=8 October 2006 | accessdate=6 March 2011}}To neutralize the loss of torsional rigidity inherent in any convertible, VW engineers cleverly took the basket-handle roll bar of the VW Cabrio, inverted it and placed it under the rear seat pedestal. A beefed-up windshield frame of hot-stamped ultra-high-strength steel is connected directly to the floorpan’s reinforced frame rails. Steel tubing provides more stiffness behind the doors for an extra layer of safety. Partly as a consequence, rear seat passengers have about 10 inches less shoulder room than in the smaller Rabbit. </ref>
* Potential [[scuttle shake]], where an insufficiently rigid bulkhead between engine and passenger compartment can impact ride or handling.
* Potential reduced aerodynamics compared to an equivalent coupe, especially with the top down.
* Potential increased wind noise, moisture intrusion with the top up
* Potential reduced cargo space.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.edmunds.com/convertible/before-buy.html |title=What You Should Know Before Buying a Convertible |publisher=Edmunds |accessdate=6 March 2011 }}</ref>

===Tonneau cover===
{{main|Tonneau cover}}

[[File:MG TD - Flickr - exfordy (4).jpg|thumb|right|MG TD with tonneau cover over passenger seat and luggage well]]
Folding textile convertible tops often fail to completely hide their internal mechanism or can expose their vulnerable underside to sun exposure and fading. A [[tonneau cover]] provide a solution.

=== Windows ===
Side windows non-existent in open cars which may have detachable side screens, are manually or power operated glass side windows as in a saloon or sedan. Rear-windows have evolved similarly, with plastic rear-windows appearing as late as the first generation [[Porsche Boxster]]. Contemporary convertibles and retractable hardtops feature [[Heatable Glass|heatable glass]] rear windows to maximize visibility – though rear windows often can compromise visibility by their size, as with the case of the very small rear window and restricted visibility of the [[Mitsubishi Eclipse]] Spyder. Plastic windows can degrade, fade, yellow and crack over time, diminishing visibility.

=== Windblocker ===
A windblocker or wind deflector minimizes noise and rushing air reaching the occupants. Mazda pioneered a version on the [[Mazda RX7|RX7]] convertible which featured an integral rigid opaque panel that folded up from behind the front seats. Current convertibles feature windblockers of various designs including detachable fold-up designs (e.g., [[Toyota Camry Solara|Toyota Solara]]), vertically retractable glass (e.g., [[Audi TT]]), minimal flaps (e.g., [[Mazda Miata]]) – or other integrated wind controlling systems.

According to the engineer responsible for the 2008 [[Chrysler Sebring (convertible)|Chrysler Sebring]], its windblocker reduces wind noise by approximately 11 to 12 [[decibel|dB]].<ref name="sebringpress">{{cite press release | title = 2008 Chrysler Sebring Convertible's Solid Structure and Systems Deliver Smooth Driving, Tight Handling and a Quiet Ride | publisher=prnewswire.com |author=Chrysler Group |date=30 March 2007 | url =http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/2008-chrysler-sebring-convertibles-solid-structure-and-systems-deliver-smooth-driving-tight-handling-and-a-quiet-ride-51677072.html |accessdate=6 March 2011}}</ref>

Mercedes and Audi currently offer a heating duct to the neck area of the seat on [[Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class|SLK]], [[Mercedes-Benz SL-Class|SL]], and [[Audi A5|A5]]/[[Audi S5|S5]] models marketed as an "Air Scarf".

=== Safety ===

Contemporary convertible design may include such features as electrically heated glass rear window (for improved visibility), seat belt [[seat belt#Pretensioners and webclamps|pre-tensioners]], boron steel reinforced A-pillars, front and side airbags, safety cage construction – a horseshoe like structure around the passenger compartment – and [[Roll over protection structure|roll over protection structures or (ROPS)]] with [[pyrotechnics|pyrotechnically charged]] [[roll hoop]]s hidden behind the rear seats that deploy under roll-over conditions whether the roof is retracted or not.

The [[Volvo C70]] retractable hardtop includes a door-mounted side impact protection inflatable curtain which inflates ''upward'' from the interior belt-line – vs. downward like the typical curtain airbag.<ref name="mweek">{{cite web | title = Road Test: 2006 Volvo C70 Convertible | publisher = Motorweek Program #2533 | url = http://www.mpt.org/motorweek/reviews/rt2533a.shtml |accessdate=6 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> The curtain has an extra stiff construction with double rows of slats that are slightly offset from each other. This allows them to remain upright and offer effective head protection even an open window. The curtain also deflates slowly to provide protection should the car roll over.

=== Variations ===
Convertibles have offered numerous iterations that fall between the first mechanically simple but attention-demanding fabric tops to highly complex modern retractable hardtops:

''Roadster:'' A [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]] was an open two-seater possibly with a frame that required actual assembly (i.e., not retracting) and separately installable soft side "window" panels – offering little protection from inclement weather and often requiring time-consuming apparently complicated installation. Examples range from the very first cars to the vintage [[Porsche Speedster]] introduced in 1955, and the [[Jaguar XK120]] Roadster unveiled in 1948 right up to the most recent Porsche Spyders. For most in the U.S., a contemporary roadster is a two-seater convertible such as the [[Jaguar F-Type]], [[BMW Z8]], [[Aston Martin V8 Vantage (2005)|Aston Martin V8 Vantage]], and [[Dodge Viper]].

''Landau & Rigid Door:'' [[Citroën]]'s 1948 [[Citroën 2CV]] featured a sunroof that rolled back on itself, and extended to the rear bumper in place of a separate boot/trunk lid. This was for loading versatility that pre-dated [[hatchback]]s. Later models had a boot/trunk lid or an optional hatchback, and an internally opening sunroof, with a secured 'half-open' position. It had rigid body sides framing two doors on each side – followed in concept by such cars as the 1950 [[Nash Motors|Nash]] Rambler Convertible Coupe.

Citroën marketed the [[Citroën C3|C3 Pluriel]] (Pluriel is a [[cognate]] with the English ''plural''), which can be configured into five iterations, hence the name:<ref name="channel4">{{cite web |title=Citroen C3 Pluriel (2003–) Review |publisher= |url= http://www.channel4.com/4car/rt/citroen/c3+pluriel/77/2}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref>
* a hatchback with a multi-layer insulated top.<ref name="honest">
{{cite web |title=Citroen C3 Pluriel |publisher=honestjohn.co |date=28 May 2003 |url= http://www.honestjohn.co.uk/road_tests/?id=83 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>
* a full-length "landau" sedan, operable partially or to the back window or any stage in between, with a buffet-minimizing wind deflector over the windshield.<ref name="honest"/>
* a semi-convertible, with the roof open to the back window, the roof assembly folds into a well in the trunk floor.<ref name="honest"/>
* a full convertible, whereby roof side rails are unlatched and removed.<ref name="honest"/>
* a roadster pick-up, where the back seats fold to a pickup-like bed with a drop-down tailgate.<ref name="honest"/>

''The Four-Door:'' Buick advertised a Series 60 "Convertible Phaeton" body style in the 1934 Model Year, which was actually a four-Door convertible,
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1934_Buick_Series_60_Convertible_Phaeton.JPG |title=File:1934 Buick Series 60 Convertible Phaeton.JPG |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |accessdate=14 August 2013}}</ref> 1938-39 Roadmaster, and 1940-41 Super. Oldsmobile in the 98 Series 1941-47, and Cadillac in 1939 Series 61, and 1940-41 Series 62 models.
The [[Lincoln Continental]] was available as a 4-door convertible in model years 1961 to 1967.<ref>''Cars of the Sizzling '60s'', by the auto editors of Consumer Guide (Publications International, Ltd., Lincolnwood, IL, 1997), pages 68 to 69, and 307.</ref> The only current production 4-door convertible is the [[Jeep Wrangler]] Unlimited.

Peugeot presented the a [[concept car|concept]] four-door [[retractable hardtop]] convertible, the [[Peugeot 407#407 concept cars|Peugeot 407 Macarena]] in 2006.<ref name="edmunds">{{cite web |title=¡Hey, Macarena! Heuliez Creates an Open-Top Peugeot 407 |publisher=Edmunds |date=2006-01-28 |url= http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=109085}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> Produced by French coachbuilding specialist [[Heuliez]], the Macarena's top can be folded in 60 seconds,<ref name="edmunds"/> with a steel reinforcing beam behind the front seats incorporating LCD screens for the rear passengers into the crossmember.<ref name="edmunds"/>

''Drophead Coupe, Coupé Cabriolet or Coupé Cabrio:''
A type of convertible with only two doors,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definition/cabriolet |title=''Cabriolet'' definition |publisher=Reverso Online Dictionary |accessdate=6 March 2011 }}</ref> and thereby recalling the [[Cabriolet (carriage)|cabriolet carriage]]. With its [[Mazda RX7]] convertible, Mazda introduced a two-seater convertible with a removable rigid section over the passengers, removable independently of power operated textile section behind with heatable glass rear window. During the 1980s, [[Jaguar cars|Jaguar]] produced an XJ-SC with two removable panels over the front seats and a partial fold-down convertible section in the back. It retained the rear side windows of the coupe and had fixed cant rails above these and the door glass. This allowed an almost full convertible with roll-over safety. Going back in Jaguar history, during the 1950s the XK 120 Drophead Coupe (DHC) and later variants, provided open-air motoring with quite civilized fully lined insulated tops with the weather-protection of the hardtop models.

=== History ===
Until the 1910 introduction by [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] of the United States' first closed-body car, the open or convertible car was the primary body style. U.S. automakers manufactured a broad range of models during the 1950s and 1960s – from economical compact-sized models such as the [[Rambler American]]<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=AFIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PP2&dq=Rambler+American+lowest+priced+convertible |title=All new (AMC advertisement) |date=2 June 1962 |journal=Life |volume=50 |issue=22 |accessdate=4 April 2014}}</ref> and the [[Studebaker Lark]], to the more expensive models such as the [[Packard Caribbean]], [[Oldsmobile 98]], and [[Imperial (automobile)|Imperial]] by Chrysler.

Proposed major safety standards suggested during the mid-1970s for the 1980 model year included a {{convert|50|mph|0|adj=on}} crash to the front, at {{convert|25|mph|0|abbr=on}} on the sides, as well as a rollover at {{convert|30|mph|0|}}, a test that open top convertibles would unlikely be able to pass. Although the requirements were reduced, sales of convertible body styles were falling during the early-1970s. [[Automobile air conditioning]] systems were also becoming popular. In 1976, Cadillac marketed the [[Cadillac Eldorado|Eldorado]] as "the last of the American Convertibles". During this period of low convertible production, [[T-top]]s became an alternative for a few models.

Elsewhere globally, convertible production continued throughout this era with models such as the [[Mercedes-Benz SL-Class#1972 to 1989|Mercedes SL]], the [[Volkswagen Beetle|VW Beetle Cabriolet]], the [[Volkswagen Golf#Golf Mk1/Rabbit (A1/Typ 17, 1974–1984)|VW Golf Cabriolet]], and the [[Jaguar E-type]].

In the 1980s convertibles such as the [[Chrysler LeBaron]] and [[Saab 900]] revived the body style in the United States – followed by models such as the [[Mazda Miata]], [[Porsche Boxster]], [[Audi TT]], and later [[#Retractable hardtop roof|retractable hardtop]] models.

==Detachable hardtop==
Rigid removable hardtops, many of which store in a car's trunk, have been around at least since the 1950s. These offer generally superior weatherproofing, soundproofing, and durability to fabric-based tops, some with integrated rear window defrosters and windscreens. Examples include the first and eleventh generation [[Ford Thunderbird]], second and third generation [[Mercedes-Benz SL-Class|Mercedes SL]], [[Porsche Boxster]], [[Jeep Wrangler]], and [[Mazda MX-5]]. Many of the rigidity concerns of a standard convertible are present, even with the roof attached. However, weatherproofing, climate control, and cabin security are improved.

== Retractable hardtop ==
{{main|Retractable hardtop}}
[[File:1938Peugeot402LE4Y IMG 7281.jpg|thumb|[[Peugeot 402]] (1938)]]
[[File:VOLVO C70(in transforming).JPG|thumb|A [[Volvo C70]] with retractable hardtop]]
A ''retractable hardtop'', also known as ''[[list of coupé convertibles|coupé convertible]]'' or ''coupé cabriolet'', employs an automatically operated, multi-part, self-storing [[hardtop]].

American Ben P. Ellerbeck created the first practical retractable hardtop prototype in 1922 — a manually operated system on a Hudson coupe that never went into production.<ref name="drivingtoday">{{cite web |title=Ford Skyliner |publisher=DrivingToday.com |first=Jack |last=Nerad |url = http://www.drivingtoday.com/greatest_cars/ford_skyliner/index.html |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> The first French version was the Georges Paulin designed 1934 Peugeot ''601 Éclipse''<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=yN8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA253&dq=Popular+Science+1935+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22 |title=Disappearing Top On Auto Worked By Push Button |journal=Popular Mechanics |date=February 1935 |page=253 |volume=63 |issue=2 |accessdate=14 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=QdsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=Popular+Science+1935+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22 |title=Latest Foreign Auto Has Disappearing Top |journal=Popular Mechanics |date=January 1936 |page=53 |volume=65 |issue=1 |accessdate=14 August 2013 }}</ref>

Advances in electronics, hydraulics, and weatherproofing materials have made the modern retractable hardtop increasingly popular. [[Retractable hardtop#Pros and cons|Pros and cons]] include ease, enclosed car quality climate control with the top up, improved crash resistance, and passenger compartment storage security on the plus side and increased mechanical complexity and expense and, more often than not, reduced luggage capacity on the minus.

A 2006 ''[[New York Times]]'' article suggested the retractable hardtop may herald the demise of the textile-roofed convertible,<ref name="nyt">{{cite news| title = New Again: The Hideaway Hardtop | newspaper=The New York Times |first=Rob |last=Sass |date=10 December 2006 |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/10/automobiles/10RETRACT.html?ex=1323406800&en=a440f0f4ff67f836&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss | accessdate=6 March 2011}}</ref> and a 2007 ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' article suggested "more and more convertibles are eschewing soft cloth tops in favor of sophisticated folding metal roofs, making them practical in all climates, year-round."<ref name="wsj">{{cite news|title=Convertibles with Hard Tops |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |first=Matt |last=Vella |date=26 April 2007 |url= http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117753756980082567.html |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>

=== Construction ===
Retractable hardtops can vary in material (steel, plastic or aluminum), can vary from two to five in the number of rigid sections and often rely on complex dual-hinged trunk (''British: boot'') lids that enable the trunk lid to both receive the retracting top from the front and also receive parcels or luggage from the rear – along with complex trunk divider mechanisms to prevent loading of luggage that would conflict with the operation of the hardtop.

==Galleries==
=== Open car and roadster ===
<center>
<gallery perrow="5">
File:Late model Ford Model T.jpg|[[Ford Model T]] c. 1925, with minimal weather protection
File:Bentley 4,5 Litre Sporting Four Seater 1929.jpg|[[Bentley 4½ Litre]] 1929 with luxury snap-on and thumbscrew sidescreens
File:1934 ford model 40 750 De Luxe Phaeton.jpg|[[Ford Model B (1932)|Ford Phaeton 1934]] open 4-door touring car
File:1953.mg.td.arp.jpg|[[MG T-type|MG TD]] c.1953, with manual soft top and manually detachable sidescreens with clear plastic windows and [[Perspex]] rear window
File:Lancia D23 Spyder 1953.jpg|Lancia D23 Spyder 1953
File:1955 Porsche 550 Spyder interior.jpg|1955 [[Porsche 550]] Spyder
File:Audi R8 Spyder -- 2010 DC.jpg|Audi R8 Spyder windows carefully hidden
</gallery>
</center>

=== Convertibles ===
<center>
<gallery perrow="5">
File:1950-nash-001.jpg|Semi-convertible [[Nash Motors|Nash Rambler Convertible "Landau" Coupe]] c. 1950
File:Jaguar XK8 Cabriolet rear 20070520.jpg|[[Jaguar XK]] c. 2008, with heatable glass rear window and fully automatic cloth top with integral top-concealing rigid tonneau
File:Mercedes-Benz 230 SL 1965.jpg|[[Mercedes-Benz SL-Class|Mercedes SL]] c. 1963, perhaps the most popular detachable hardtop
File:Lincoln Continental Convertible.jpg|[[Lincoln Continental]] c. 1966, 4-door with integral automatically operating, self-storing tonneau
File:Jaguar E-Type offen01.jpg|[[Jaguar E-type]] c. 1970, with vinyl foldable tonneau installed and snap-secured
File:Cadillac Eldorado Convertible.jpg|[[Cadillac Eldorado]] 1972, with detachable, two-part, fully rigid "parade boot" tonneau cover
File:2cv pinkdylan frome.jpg|[[Citroen 2CV]] c. 1975, with roll-back roof and rigid doors
File:Rolls 501523 fh000007.jpg|[[Rolls Royce Corniche]] c. 1986, a high-end prestige marque with a manually installed tonneau cover
File:Yugo GV Cabrio.jpg|[[Zastava Koral|Yugo Cabrio]] c.1989, with wide rear window (with rear window heater), resistant canvas convertible top, an acoustic insulation layer, automatically raisable in 17 seconds.<ref>http://zastavanacionale.com/Default.aspx?lng=en-us&mode=models&id=cabrio</ref>
File:Allante.jpg|[[Cadillac Allanté]] c. 1993, with detachable, rigid plastic tonneau cover. Built in Italy by [[Pininfarina]], completed bodies were flown to the U.S. 56 at a time in specially equipped [[Boeing 747]] with final assembly at Hamtramck, Michigan.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/19/automobiles/the-few-the-rich-pininfarina.html|title=The few, the rich, Pininfarina |accessdate=6 March 2011|newspaper=The New York Times |date=19 April 1987 |first=Marshall |last=Schuon }}</ref>
File:Volkswagen New Beetle Cabriolet Red IAA 2003.jpg|[[Volkswagen New Beetle]] c. 2003, with raised textile (cloth) convertible top featuring interior headliner, an acoustic insulation layer, and heatable glass rear window
File:Porsche Boxster hr silver.jpg|[[Porsche Boxster]] c. 2004, with detachable clear plastic windblocker and a Z-fold top, automatically raisable in 12 seconds<ref name="concept">{{cite web | title = 2007 Porsche Boxster news, pictures, and information | publisher = Conceptcarz.com | url =http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z13054/Porsche_Boxster/default.aspx |accessdate=6 March 2011}}</ref> and optional {{convert|51|lb|kg|abbr=on}} detachable aluminum hardtop (not shown)
File:Citroen C3 Pluriel rear 20071104.jpg|[[Citroën C3|Citroën C3 Pluriel]] c. 2007, a multi-configurable convertible with roll-back textile roof and removable rigid sidebars<ref name="channel4"/>
File:Salon de l'Auto 500C.jpg|A [[Fiat 500 (2007)]] semi-convertible
File:Rolls Royce Phantom V State Landaulette 1966.jpg|1966 [[Rolls-Royce Phantom V]] landaulet
File:Mercedes-Benz Typ 300 d Landaulet 2.jpg|[[Mercedes-Benz Type 300|Mercedes-Benz 300d]] landaulet in operation
</gallery>
</center>

=== Retractable hardtop ===
<center>
<gallery perrow="5">
File:Mazda MX-5 hardtop.jpg|[[Mazda MX-5|Mazda Miata Power Retractable Hard Top (PRHT)]] c. 2007, with {{convert|77|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} [[polycarbonate]] hardtop and identical cargo capacity to the soft top version<ref name="autoweek.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061009/FREE/61003001/1004|title=2007 Mazda MX-5 Miata Power Retractable Hardtop |accessdate=6 March 2011 |publisher=Autoweek |first=Mark |last=Vaughn|date=10 September 2006}}</ref>
File:Cadillac XLR 2006.jpg|[[Cadillac XLR]] c. 2007, with fully retracted aluminum (i.e., lightweight) hardtop concealed by self-storing tonneau cover, the hardtop manufactured by a supplier joint venture of [[Mercedes-Benz]] and [[Porsche]]<ref name="mtrend">{{cite journal | title=2004 Cadillac XLR |journal=Motor Trend |date=August 2002 |first=Jack |last=Keebler | url =http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/112_0208_cadxlr |accessdate=6 March 2011}}</ref>
File:Daihatsu.copen.arp.750pix.jpg|[[Daihatsu Copen]] c. 2001 with retracted hardtop, qualifying for the ultra-compact Japanese [[Kei car|Kei]] class
File:Paris 2006 - Ford Focus CC.JPG|[[Ford Focus (International)#Additional variants|Ford Focus CC]] c. 2006 with its roof retracted, its final assembly performed by [[Pininfarina]]
File:Chevrolet SSR.jpg|[[Chevrolet SSR]] c. 2004, a retractable hardtop convertible [[pickup truck]], its top engineered by [[American Specialty Cars|ASC]]
File:Volkswagen Eos Front-view.JPG|[[Volkswagen Eos]] c. 2007, the five-segment top features an independently sliding sunroof, made by [[OASys (Automotive)|OASys]]
</gallery>
</center>

== See also ==
{{Div col|cols=3}}
* [[Cabrio coach]]
* [[Car body style]]
* [[Carson top]]
* [[Roadster (automobile)]]
* [[T-top]]
* [[Targa top]]
* [[NASCAR Convertible Division]]
* [[Hardtop]]
* [[Vinyl roof]]
*[[sunroof]]
{{Div col end}}

===Non-automotive===
* [[Widmer Brothers Brewery#Beers|Drop Top Amber]], a brand of beer
* "[[Rooster Rag#Track listing|Rag Top Down]]", a 2012 rock song
* "[[Red Rag Top]]", a 2002 country song

==References==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Adler-Convertibles}}
* {{cite book|last=Beattie |first=Ian |title=Automobile Body Design |year=1987 |publisher=Haynes Manuals |isbn=978-0-85429-217-2}}
*{{Benson-Convertibles}}
* {{cite book|last=Georgano |first=Nick |authorlink=G.N. Georgano |title=Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-57958-367-5}}
*{{Hirsch-LastAmConvs}}
*{{Holmes-UltConv}}
*{{Langworth-GreatAmConv}}
*{{Wieder-GreatAmConv}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|convertibles}}
* [http://www.convertiblecarmagazine.com/ Convertible Car Magazine]

{{Automobile configuration}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Convertible (Automobile)}}
[[Category:Convertibles| ]]
[[Category:Automotive styling features]]
[[Category:Car body styles]]

[[fr:Type de carrosserie#Cabriolet]]