Mostrar código-fonte de Veículo Elétrico a Bateria

{{Em tradução}}
{{Desambiguação||veículos elétricos rodoviários sem bateria|veículos electricos|veículos elétricos de transporte de passengeiros|Carro elétrico}}
[[Ficheiro:Nissan LEAF got thirsty trimmed.jpg|thumb|O [[Nissan Leaf]] é capaz de ser o top de vendas mundial de todos os [[carro elétrico|carros elétricos]] na história, com vendas globais de mais de 62.000 unidades até abril de 2013.<ref name=Leaf62K>{{cite web|url=http://nissannews.com/en-US/nissan/usa/releases/9ae66436-ebf7-412a-bfb2-c7d3a20d5d52|title=Nissan FY2012 Net Income at 342.4 Billion Yen (USD 4.13 Billion)|author=Nissan|publisher=Nissan Media Newsroom USA|date=2013-05-10|accessdate=2013-05-10}}</ref>
]]
O '''Veículo Elétrico a Bateria''' ('''BEV''') é um tipo de [[veículo elétrico]] (EV) usa [[energia]] química  armazenada em [[bateria recarregável]] [[bateria de acumuladores|bateria a elementos]]. As BEV utilizam [[Motor elétrico|motores elétricos]] e [[Centro de Controle de Motores]] Em vez de [[motor de combustão interna|motores de combustão interna]] (MCI) como propulsão.

A '''battery-only electric vehicle''' or '''all-electric vehicle''' derives all its power from its battery packs and thus has no internal combustion engine, [[fuel cell]], or [[fuel tank]].

== Terminology ==
{{Ver também|Hybrid electric vehicle|Plug-in hybrid|Plug-in electric vehicle}}
Vehicles using both electric motors and internal combustion engines are examples of [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s, and are not considered pure or all-electric vehicles because they cannot be externally charged (operate in charge-sustaining mode) and instead they are continually recharged with power from the [[internal combustion engine]] and [[regenerative braking]].<ref name=PEVs/> 

[[Hybrid vehicle]]s with batteries that can be charged externally to displace some or all of their internal combustion engine power and [[gasoline]] fuel are called [[plug-in hybrid]] electric vehicles (PHEV), and run as BEVs during their [[charge-depleting]] mode. PHEVs with a [[Hybrid vehicle drivetrain#Series hybrid|series]] [[powertrain]] are also called range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such as the [[Chevrolet Volt]] and [[Fisker Karma]].

[[Plug-in electric vehicle]]s (PEVs) are a subcategory of [[electric vehicle]]s that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles, (PHEVs), and [[electric vehicle conversion]]s of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles.<ref name=PEVs>{{cite book|title=Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington?|editor=[[David B. Sandalow]]|year=2009 |publisher=[[The Brookings Institution]]|isbn=978-0-8157-0305-1|edition=1st.|url=http://www.brookings.edu/press/Books/2009/pluginelectricvehicles.aspx|pages=2–5}}''See definition on pp. 2.''</ref><ref name=CSE>{{cite web|url=http://energycenter.org/index.php/technical-assistance/transportation/electric-vehicles|title=Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs)|publisher=Center for Sustainable Energy, California|accessdate=2010-03-31}}</ref> 

In China, plug-in electric vehicles, together with hybrid electric vehicles are called new energy vehicles (NEVs).<ref name=NEVs>{{cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNEWSCHINESE/Resources/3196537-1202098669693/EV_Report_en.pdf|title=The China New Energy Vehicles Program - Challenges and Opportunities |author=PRTM Management Consultants, Inc|publisher=[[World Bank]]|date=April 2011|accessdate=2012-02-29}} ''See Acronyms and Key Terms, pp. v''</ref> However, in the United States, [[neighborhood electric vehicle]]s (NEVs) are battery electric vehicles that are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits no higher than 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), are usually built to have a top speed of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), and have a maximum loaded weight of 3,000 lbs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/02/06/greenlings-what-is-a-neighborhood-electric-vehicle-nev/|title=What is a neighborhood electric vehicle (NEV)?|date=2009-02-06|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|accessdate=2010-06-09}}</ref>

==Vehicles==
The concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged [[electric vehicle battery|batteries]] on board vehicles for propulsion. Battery electric cars are becoming more and more attractive with the advancement of new battery technology ([[Lithium Ion]]) that have higher power and [[energy density]] (i.e. greater possible acceleration and more range with fewer batteries) and higher oil prices.<ref>[http://www.4futureenergy.com/BatteryElectric.htm ,2008]</ref>

BEVs include [[automobile]]s, [[Truck#Light trucks|light trucks]], and [[neighborhood electric vehicle]]s.

===Electric bus===
{{See|Electric bus}}
[[File:Tecnobus Pantheon 1.jpg|thumb|A battery-electric minibus in [[St Helens, England]]]]

[[Chattanooga, Tennessee]] operates nine<!--ten? fourteen? --> [[zero-fare]] electric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered a distance of {{convert|3100000|km}}, They were made locally by [[Advanced Vehicle Systems]]. Two of these buses were used for the [[1996 Atlanta Olympics]].<ref>[http://www.carta-bus.org/routes/elec_shuttle.asp Downtown Electric Shuttle]. Retrieved 18 August 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.smartcommunities.ncat.org/success/chattano.shtml Success Stories]. Retrieved 18 August 2008.</ref>

Beginning in the summer of 2000, [[Hong Kong Airport]] began operating a 16-passenger [[Mitsubishi Rosa]] electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-powered [[school bus]], an all electric version of the [[Blue Bird TC/2000]].<ref>[http://www.e-driveonline.com/articles/dec00-3.htm Solectria Develops an All Electric Version of the Blue Bird TC2000]. Retrieved 18 August 2008.</ref> A similar bus was operated in [[Napa County, California|Napa Valley, California]] for 14 months ending in April, 2004.<ref>[http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/icat/projects/smud.htm Electric School Bus]. Retrieved 18 August 2008.</ref>

The [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing Olympics]] used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of {{convert|130|km|abbr=on}} with the air conditioning on. They use [[Lithium-ion]] batteries, and consume about {{convert|1|kWh/mi|abbr=on}}. The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by the Jinghua Coach Co. Ltd.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-07/31/content_8880067.htm UNDP donates electric buses to Beijing Olympic Games]. Retrieved 15 August 2008.</ref> The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the recharging station to allow 24 hour operation of the buses.<ref>[http://english.bit.edu.cn/col399/article.htm1?id=25756 BIT Attends the Delivery Ceremony of the 2008 Olympic Games Alternative Fuel Vehicles with its Pure Electric Bus]. Retrieved 15 August 2008.</ref>

In [[France]], the bus electric phenomenon is in development, but we already can find some of them in operation in numerous cities of France.<ref>{{fr}} http://avem.fr/index.php?page=bus</ref> PVI, a medium company located in the Paris region, is one of the leader of the market with its brand [[Gepebus]] (offering [[Oreos 2X]] and [[Oreos 4X]]).<ref>http://www.pvi.fr/?lang=en</ref>

In the [[United States]], the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in Pomona, California since September 2010 at [[Foothill Transit]]. The [[Proterra Inc]] EcoRide BE35 uses [[lithium-titanate batteries]] and is able to fast-charge in less than 10 minutes.<ref>[http://www.proterra.com/index.php/mediacenter/companynews/proterra_launches_first_deployment_of_all-electric_zero-emission_buses/ Proterra Launches First Deployment of All-Electric, Zero-Emission Buses by Major Transit Agency]. Retrieved October 2011.</ref>

====Thunder Sky====
Thunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds [[lithium-ion batteries]] used in submarines and has three models of electric buses, the 10/21 passenger EV-6700 with a range of {{convert|280|km|abbr=on}} under 20 mins quick-charge, the EV-2009 city buses, and the 43 passenger EV-2008 highway bus, which has a range of {{convert|300|km|abbr=on}} under quick-charge (20 mins to 80%), and {{convert|350|km|abbr=on}} under full charge (25 mins). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland.<ref>[http://www.thunder-sky.com/ Thunder Sky website]</ref>

====Valence====
[[Valence Technology]] has entered into a contract with The Tanfield Group Plc <ref>[http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/02/valence-technol.html Valence Technology to Provide Lithium Phosphate Battery Packs to The Tanfield Group]</ref> to manufacture and supply Lithium Phosphate energy storage systems to power Tanfield’s all-electric commercial delivery vehicles. The Valence battery systems will be installed in vans and trucks produced by Tanfield’s UK-based trading division, Smith Electric Vehicles, the world’s largest manufacturer of electric vans and trucks.

==== Free Tindo ====
Tindo is an all-electric bus from [[Adelaide, Australia]]. The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made by [[Designline International]]<ref>{{cite web|title=When The Sun Shines Down Under. . .It Powers a Bus|url=http://www.treehugger.com/cars/when-the-sun-shines-down-under-it-powers-a-bus.html|date=December 19, 2007|author=Andrew Posner|publisher=[[TreeHugger]]|accessdate=March 11, 2012}}</ref> in [[New Zealand]] and gets its electricity from a [[photovoltaics|solar PV]] system on Adelaide's central [[bus station]]. Rides are [[zero-fare]] as part of Adelaide's public transport system.<ref>[http://www.ecogeek.org/content/view/1245/ All-Electric, Solar-Powered, Free Bus!!!]</ref>

==== First electric commercial bus ====
[[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] runs the world's first commercial all-electric bus service.
The bus was developed by [[Hyundai Heavy Industries]] and Hankuk Fiber which make a lightweight body from carbon composite material.
Provided with Li-on battery and regenerative braking, the bus may run to {{convert|52|mi}} in a single 30 minutes charge. The maximum speed is {{convert|62|mph}}.<ref>http://inhabitat.com/south-korea-unveils-worlds-first-commerical-electric-bus/</ref>

==== First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus ====
[[Proterra Inc]]'s EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the [[Ecoliner]] by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is the world’s first heavy duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90% of the available energy and returns it to the TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31-35%. It can travel 30–40 miles on a single charge, is up to 600% more fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44% less carbon than CNG.<ref>http://www.proterra.com/index.php/mediacenter/companynews/proterra_launches_first_deployment_of_all-electric_zero-emission_buses/</ref>

====Semi-trailer trucks ====
The Port of Los Angeles and South Coast Air Quality Management District have demonstrated a short-range heavy-duty all electric truck capable of hauling a fully loaded {{convert|40|ft|m|adj=on}} cargo container. The current design is capable of pulling a {{convert|60000|lb|t|abbr=on}} cargo container at speeds up to {{convert|40|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} and has a range of between {{convert|30|and|60|mi|km}}. It uses {{convert|2|kWh/mi}}, compared to {{convert|5|mpg<!--assume US gal -->US}} for the [[hostler#Other uses|hostler]] [[semi-trailer truck|semi]] tractors it replaces.<ref>{{Cite web
  |url=http://www.portoflosangeles.org/DOC/Electric_Truck_Fact_Sheet.pdf
  |title=Electric Truck Demonstration Project Fact Sheet
  |publisher=[[Port of Los Angeles]]
  |author=Theresa Adams Lopez
  |format=PDF
  |year=2008
  |accessdate=2009-01-04
}}</ref>

====Electric tractors====
Electric tractors have been built since the 1990s.<ref>[http://www.renewables.com/Permaculture/ElectricTractor.htm Electric tractors]</ref><ref>[http://www.solarliving.org/workshops/teacher.asp?catid=&pageid=31 Steve Heckeroth's tractors]</ref><ref>[http://www.evalbum.com/216 Yanmar tractor conversion]</ref>

====Milk float====
[[Image:Dairy Crest Milk Float Garage 2.jpg|thumb|right|A Dairy Crest Smith's Elizabethan milk float]]
A common example of the battery electric trucks is the [[milk float]]. Since it makes many stops in delivering milk it is more practical to use an electric vehicle than a combustion truck, which would be idling much of the time; it also reduces noise in residential areas. For most of the 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.<ref>[http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/~racowan/escape.html Escaping Lock-in: the Case of the Electric Vehicle]</ref>

====Garbage truck====
With a similar driving pattern of a delivery vehicle like the milk float above, garbage trucks are excellent candidates for electric drive. Most of their time is spent stopping, starting or idling. These activities are where [[internal combustion engine]]s are their least efficient. In preparation for the 2008 Olympic Games, 3,000 of the internal combustion engine garbage trucks in [[Beijing]] were replaced with [[lithium ion polymer]] battery pack electric drive trucks.<ref>[http://jcwinnie.biz/wordpress/?p=2082 Electric Drive Garbage Trucks in Beijing]</ref> The batteries were procured for about $3,300 each.<ref>[http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Advanced-Battery-Technologies-Inc-726087.html Advanced Battery Technologies, Inc. Signs Contract to Supply PLI Battery Cells for Electric Sanitation Trucks for 2008 Olympics]</ref>

====Pickup trucks====
In early 2009, [[Phoenix Motorcars]] will be shipping a test fleet of their all-electric SUT (Sports Utility Truck) to Maui. One of the surviving electric vehicles from the late 1990s is the [[Chevrolet S-10 EV|Chevy S-10]] electric pickup truck. Many other vehicles from this era, such as the [[General Motors EV1]] were recalled and destroyed. A newcomer is the [[Miles Electric Vehicles]] ZX40ST electric truck now available in the United States. [[Miles Electric Vehicles]] is based in [[Santa Monica, California]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/July-2009/Creating-a-Buzz/|title=Creating a Buzz; A Sullivan County firm leads the way by selling alternative-power cars and trucks|author=David Levine|date=June 17, 2009|publisher=[[Hudson Valley (magazine)|Hudson Valley]]|accessdate=March 11, 2012}}</ref>

'''The Big Bike Company Limited''', in Gloucestershire, England, is now offering fully electric pick up trucks for sale. Powered by an impressive bank of batteries, these small utility vehicles are able to deliver a payload of approximately 500&nbsp;kg, and have a range of up to 80 miles. Using a 3 wheel configuration, the rolling and aerodynamic drag is reduced. As a tricycle it can also be driven on a motorcycle licence. They are marketed on the internet, and can be viewed on a temporary web site at www.electrux.net.

===Electric cars<!-- [[Battery electric car]] and [[Battery electric automobile]] are "redirect" here. 2010-11-29. -->===
{{Artigo principal|Electric car}}
{{Also|List of production battery electric vehicles|electric car use by country}}
An '''[[electric car]]''' is a plug-in battery powered [[automobile]] which is [[ground propulsion|propelled]] by [[electric motor]](s). Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed, the lower [[specific energy]] of production batteries available in 2010 compared with [[carbon-based fuel]]s means that electric cars need batteries that are fairly large fraction of the vehicle mass but still often give relatively low range between charges. Recharging can also take significant lengths of time. For shorter range commuter type journeys, rather than long journeys, electric cars are practical forms of transportation and can be recharged overnight.  
[[File:Model S driving.jpg|thumb|The [[Tesla Model S]] ranked as the top selling [[plug-in electric car]] in  North America during the first quarter of 2013 with 4,900 cars sold, ahead of the [[Chevrolet Volt]] (4,421) and the [[Nissan Leaf]] (3,695).<ref name=Tesla1Q2013/>]]
Electric cars have the potential of significantly reducing [[city pollution]] by having  [[zero-emissions vehicle|zero tail pipe emissions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earth2tech.com/2010/03/17/should-pollution-factor-into-electric-car-rollout-plans/ |title=Should Pollution Factor Into Electric Car Rollout Plans? |publisher=Earth2tech.com |date=2010-03-17 |accessdate=2010-04-18| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100324113932/http://earth2tech.com/2010/03/17/should-pollution-factor-into-electric-car-rollout-plans/| archivedate= 24 March 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electroauto.com/info/pollmyth.shtml |title=Electro Automotive: FAQ on Electric Car Efficiency & Pollution |publisher=Electroauto.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref><ref>http://www.cleanairnet.org/baq2003/1496/articles-58076_resource_1.doc</ref>
Vehicle [[greenhouse gas]] savings depend on how the electricity is generated.  With the current [[electricity generation|U.S. energy mix]], using an electric car would result in a 30% reduction in [[carbon dioxide]] emissions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/04/plug-in-hybrid-cars-co2-emissions-electricity-energy.php |title=Plug-in Hybrid Cars: Chart of CO2 Emissions Ranked by Power Source |publisher=TreeHugger |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100325060820/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/04/plug-in-hybrid-cars-co2-emissions-electricity-energy.php| archivedate= 25 March 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/e-supdoc.pdf |title=D:\MYDOCS\WPDOCS\1605B\EFACTO~1.WPD |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-07-16| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100728051830/http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/e-supdoc.pdf| archivedate= 28 July 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="Eia.doe.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table1_1.html |title=Electric Power Monthly - Table 1.1. Net Generation by Energy Source |publisher=Eia.doe.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100415043019/http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table1_1.html| archivedate= 15 April 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>[[United_States_emission_standards#Electricity_generation]]</ref>
Given the current energy mixes in other countries, it has been predicted that such emissions would decrease by 40% in the UK,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myelectriccar.com.au/co2.html |title=Less CO2 |publisher=My Electric Car |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100508155759/http://www.myelectriccar.com.au/co2.html| archivedate= 8 May 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> 19% in China,<ref>http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/greaterchina/mckonchina/pdfs/China_Charges_Up.pdf</ref> and as little as 1% in Germany.<ref>...the four electric vehicles analysed in this study consume around 1.7 times less primary energy and generate less than half the CO2 of a Toyota Prius... http://www.going-electric.org/docs/studies/CO2-energy-electric-vehicles.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Palm |first=Erik |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10231102-54.html |title=Study: Electric cars not as green as you think &#124; Green Tech - CNET News |publisher=News.cnet.com |date=2009-05-01 |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref>

Electric cars are expected to have a major impact in the auto industry<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20100416/BUSINESS01/4160304/1002/business/Ford-Electric-car-is-autos-future |title=Ford says auto future hinges on electric car &#124; freep.com &#124; Detroit Free Press |publisher=freep.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100421072856/http://www.freep.com/article/20100416/BUSINESS01/4160304/1002/business/Ford-Electric-car-is-autos-future| archivedate= 21 April 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=By Martin LaMonica |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/02/02/electric.vehicles/index.html |title=Plotting the long road to one million electric cars |publisher=CNN.com |date=2009-02-02 |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> given advantages in [[motor vehicle emissions|city pollution]], less dependence on oil, and expected rise in gasoline prices.<ref>{{cite news|author=Terry Macalister |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/apr/11/peak-oil-production-supply |title=US military warns oil output may dip causing massive shortages by 2015 &#124; Business |publisher=The Guardian |date= 2010-04-11|accessdate=2010-04-18 | location=London| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100415211533/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/apr/11/peak-oil-production-supply?| archivedate= 15 April 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Terry Macalister |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/feb/07/branson-warns-peak-oil-close |title=Branson warns of oil crunch within five years &#124; Business |publisher=The Guardian |date= 2010-02-07|accessdate=2010-04-18 | location=London| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100416082751/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/feb/07/branson-warns-peak-oil-close| archivedate= 16 April 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Loveday |first=Eric |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/06/08/alg-predicts-gas-at-4-13-by-2013-residual-values-for-compacts/ |title=ALG predicts gas at $4.13 by 2013; residual values for compacts, hybrids to climb — Autoblog Green |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2010-06-08 |accessdate=2010-07-16| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100814172854/http://green.autoblog.com/2010/06/08/alg-predicts-gas-at-4-13-by-2013-residual-values-for-compacts/| archivedate= 14 August 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> World governments are pledging billions to fund development of electric vehicles and their components. The U.S. has pledged {{USD|2.4 billion}} in federal grants for electric cars and batteries.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/07/obama-pushes-electric-cars-battery-power-this-week-/1 |title=Obama pushes electric cars, battery power this week | work=USA Today | date=2010-07-14}}</ref> China has announced it will provide {{USD|15 billion}} to initiate an electric car industry.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=24054 |title=Freidman OpEd: China's 'Moon Shot' Versus America's}}</ref> 

{{As of |2013|04}}, the leading electric vehicle manufacturer is the [[Renault-Nissan Alliance]] with global sales of 86,688 all-electric vehicles since December 2010, which includes the [[Nissan Leaf]] (62,000), the [[Renault Twizy]] urban quadricycle (9,911), the [[Renault Kangoo Z.E.]] utility van (8,760), [[Renault Fluence Z.E.]] (3,487), and the [[Renault Zoe]] (2,530).<ref name=SalesRnlt042013>{{cite web|url=http://europe.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/articleAID=/20130513/ANE/305179997/renault-nissan-unlikely-to-hit-2016-ev-target#axzz2TKPTxdnc|title=Renault-Nissan unlikely to hit 2016 EV target|author=Hans Greimel |publisher=[[Automotive News]]Europe|date=2013-05-13|accessdate=2013-05-15}}</ref> The alliance sold 43,829 all-electric vehicles during 2012,<ref name=Sales2Yrs>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/43829-evs-sold-by-renault-nissan-in-2012/|title=43,829 EVs Sold By Renault-Nissan In 2012|author=Philippe Crowe |publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2013-02-05|accessdate=2013-02-05}}</ref> and the Nissan Leaf is the world's top selling highway-capable electric car ever.<ref name=TopSellingEver>{{cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-10000/best-selling-electric-car/|title=Best-selling electric car|author=[[Guinness World Records]]|work=Guinness World Records|year=2012|accessdate=2013-01-22}} ''The Leaf surpassed the Mitsubishi i MiEV as the best selling all-electric car in history in 2011''.</ref> Ranking second is [[Mitsubishi Motors]] with global sales of around 32,685 electric vehicles since July 2009 through April 2013, and its all-electric line up includes the [[Mitsubishi i-MiEV]], the rebadged [[Peugeot iOn]] and [[Citroën C-Zero]], and the [[Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV]] utility van, and sales figures include the [[Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV]] [[plug-in hybrid]].<ref name=iMiEVGlobal0413>{{cite web|url=http://insideevs.com/heres-your-top-10-global-plug-in-vehicle-automakers-listed-by-total-sales/|title=Here’s Your Top 10 Global Plug-In Vehicle Automakers Listed by Total Sales|author=Eric Loveday|publisher=InsideEVs.com|date=2013-05-16|accessdate=2013-05-16}} 4,304 Outlanders P-HEVs had been sold in Japan through March 2013.</ref> [[Tesla Motors]] is the third best selling all-electric vehicle manufacturer, with more than 12,000 electric cars sold since February 2008, including almost 2,500 [[Tesla Roadster]]s and about 9,650 [[Tesla Model S]] sold through April 2013.<ref name=Tesla1Q2013>{{cite news|url=http://origin-www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-08/tesla-posts-first-quarterly-profit-on-model-s-deliveries.html|title=Tesla Posts First Quarterly Profit on Model S Deliveries|author=Alan Ohnsman|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|date=2013-05-08|accessdate=2013-05-08}} ''During Q1 2013 a total of 4,900 Model S cars were delivered in North America (mostly in the U.S. and a few units delivered in Canada).''</ref><ref name=Tesla4Q2012>{{cite web|url=http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ABEA-4CW8X0/2155882767x0x637040/4e3260f0-b711-47df-9c9e-16a8dda99a19/Q4'12%20SHL%20022013%20final.pdf|title=Tesla Motors, Inc. – Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2012 Shareholder Letter|author=Tesla Motors|publisher=[[Tesla Motors]]|date=2013-02-20|accessdate=2013-02-13}} ''Most of the remaining Tesla Roadsters were sold during the 4Q 2012, and about 2,650 Model S cars during 2012.''</ref><ref name=PEVSales2013US>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/april-2013-dashboard/|title=April 2013 Dashboard|author=Jeff Cobb|publisher=HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates|date=2013-05-02|accessdate=2013-05-07}} ''See the section: April 2013 Electric Car Sales Numbers.''</ref>

===Special-purpose vehicles===
Special-purpose vehicles come in a wide range of types, ranging from relatively common ones such as [[golf cart]]s, things like [[electric golf trolley]]s, [[milk float]]s, [[all-terrain vehicle]]s, [[neighborhood electric vehicle]]s, and a wide range of other devices. Certain manufacturers specialize in electric-powered "in plant" work machines.

=== Rail ===
====Battery electric railcars====
{{Artigo principal|Battery electric multiple unit}}

====Locomotivas====
{{Artigo principal|Battery-electric locomotive}}

====Electric rail trolley====
{{Artigo principal|Cater MetroTrolley}}

=== Electrathon ===
{{Artigo principal|Electrathon}}

=== Two wheels ===
====Electric motorcycles and scooters====
{{Artigo principal|Electric motorcycles and scooters}}

====Bicicletas elétricas====
{{Artigo principal|Electric bicycles}}

====A maneira====
{{Artigo principal|Segway PT}}

==Technologia==
{{Expand section|date=February 2008}}
{{Electric vehicle}}

===Motores===
{{Artigo principal|Traction motor}}
Electric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form of [[brushed DC electric motor]]. Separately excited and permanent magnet are just two of the types of DC motors available. More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of [[AC motor]] types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out. These are usually [[induction motor]]s or [[brushless AC electric motor]]s which use permanent magnets. There are several variations of the permanent magnet motor which offer simpler drive schemes and/or lower cost including the [[brushless DC electric motor]].

===Motor controllers===
{{Artigo principal|Motor controller}}
The motor controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type, DC or AC.

===Baterias===
{{Artigo principal|Electric vehicle battery}}

==Ver também==
{{Portal|Desenvolvimento Sustentável}}
{{categoria Wikinews |Propulsão alternativa }}
{{categoria Commons |Veículos a Bateria}}

* [[All-electric range]]
* [[Automotive battery]]
* [[Battery balancer]]
*[[Car battery]]
*[[Dump charging]]
*[[Electric boat]]
*[[Electric Drive Transportation Association]] (EDTA)
*[[Global Electric Motorcars]]
*[[Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles]]
*[[Greenpower]]
*[[List of electric cars currently available]]
*[[List of electric vehicle battery manufacturers]]
*[[List of production battery electric vehicles]]
*[[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent]]
*[[Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries]]
*[[Project Better Place]]
*[[RPEV]] Road Powered Electric Vehicles
*[[Short Commute Vehicle]]s
*[[Supercapacitor]]
*[[Think Global]]
*[[Tokyo Electric Power]]
*[[Wireless charging]]

== Referências ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

* Witkin, Jim. [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/business/energy-environment/31BATTERIES.html Building Better Batteries for Electric Cars],   ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 31, 2011, p. F4. Published online March 30, 2011. Discusses [[rechargeable battery|rechargeable batteries]] and the new-technology [[lithium ion battery]].

==External links==
* [http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/stations_locator.html Alternative Fueling Station Locator], charging stations ([[EERE]]).
* [http://www.automotivedesign-europe.com/ Automotive DesignLine Europe], electric and hybrid vehicle design resource for engineers and engineering managers.
* [http://zeroemissionproject.com/blog/article/24/beyond-the-grid-zero-emission-workspace-alias-the-authentic-green-business Zero Emission Workspace], electric vehicles in an off-grid commercial building project.

;Patents
* {{US patent|523354}}, Emil E. Keller, ''[http://www.google.com/patents?id=KI0_AAAAEBAJ&dq=%22Electrically+Propelled+Perambulator%22 Electrically Propelled Perambulator]'', 1894
* {{US patent|594805}}, [[Hiram Percy Maxim]], ''Motor vehicle'', 1897
* {{US patent|772571}}, [[Hiram Percy Maxim]] et al., ''[http://www.google.com/patents?id=d6JHAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&dq=%22Electric+motor+vehicle%22 Electric motor vehicle]'', 1904

;Organizations
* [http://www.batteryvehiclesociety.org.uk/ Battery Vehicle Society (UK)] and [http://www.ev-network.org.uk/ EV Network – the UK national directory of recharging points].
* [http://www.avere.org/ The European Association for Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (AVERE)].
* [http://www.evcanada.org/ EVCanada – Promoting the uptake of Electric Vehicles in Canada].
* [http://www.elektromobily.wz.cz/ Czech EV Club – (CZ) Eng. section in photogallery].
* [http://www.ata.org.au/branches/melbourne-ata-ev-interest-group/ Alternative Technology Association Electric Vehicle Interest Group].
* [http://www.aeva.asn.au/ Australian Electric Vehicle Association].
* [http://www.ElectricCarSociety.com/ Electric Car Society].

;News
*[http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/mbaumhefner/good_and_green_reasons_to_cons.html Reasons to buy an electric car in 2013]
* [http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/08/av-patent-20090810.html AeroVironment Awarded U.S. Patent For Electric Vehicle Energy Data Management And Control] ([[Green Car Congress]])
* [http://www.dailytech.com/Ford+Focus+Electric+to+go+GridNeutral+With+the+Help+of+SunPower+Panels/article22416.htm Solar charging station for Ford Focus Electric Vehicle]

;Studies
*[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Lee%20Lovellette%20Electric%20Vehicles%20DP%202011%20web.pdf Will Electric Cars Transform the U.S. Vehicle Market? [[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs|Belfer Center]], Harvard University]


{{Propulsão alternativa }}
{{Configuração Automóvel }}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veículo elétrico a Batteria  }}
[[Categoria:veículos elétricos a Bateria| ]]
[[Categoria:Tecnologias Automotivas ]]
[[Categoria:tecnologias Sustentáveis]]


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