Mostrar código-fonte de Plataforma de automóvel

{{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = 2007-Toyota-Camry.jpg | width1 = 220 | image2 = 2007-Lexus-ES350-2.jpg | width2 = 220 | footer = Identical platform 2007 model year 4-door sedans: Toyota Camry and Lexus ES<ref>{{cite book|last=Edmonston|first=Phil|title=Lemon-Aid Used Cars and Minivans 2004|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-670-04375-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FUH3stmywF0C&q=Lexus+ES+300,+or+a+fully+loaded+Toyota+Camry| accessdate=6 November 2010|page=294|quote=if you ignore the hype, know how to separate symbol from substance, and are smart enough to know that most the high-end models don't give you much more than their lower-priced entry-level versions. For example, the Lexus ES 300 is a Toyota Camry with a higher price}}</ref>}}

Uma '''plataforma automóvel ''' é um conjunto compartilhado de esforços comuns de design, engenharia e produção, bem como componentes principais sobre um número de modelos aparentemente distintos e até mesmo tipos de [[automóvel|automóveis]], muitas vezes a partir de diferentes, mas relacionadas [[marca]]s.<ref name='Brylawski'>{{Cite document| url= http://rmi.org/rmi/Library/T99-10_UncommonKnowledge | last=Brylawski |first=Michael |title=Uncommon Knowledge: Automobile Platform Sharing's Potential Impact on Advanced Technologies, pre-print for the 1st International Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering (SAMPE) Automotive Conference |date=27–29 September 1999 | publisher=International Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering |accessdate=6 November 2010| postscript= <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101128200435/http://rmi.org/rmi/Library/T99-10_UncommonKnowledge| archivedate= 28 November 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> É praticado na [[Indústria automobilística]] para reduzir os custos associados ao desenvolvimento de produtos baseando esses produtos em um número menor de plataformas. Isso ainda permite que empresas criar modelos distintos da perspectiva do design em fundamentos semelhantes.<ref name='Brylawski'/>

== Definição e benefícios ==
Compartilhamento de plataforma é um método de desenvolvimento de produto, onde diferentes produtos e a marca anexada compartilham os mesmos componentes.<ref name=Olson>{{cite journal|last=Olson|first=Erik L|title=Implication of platformsharing on brand value|journal=Journal of product and brand management|year=2008|volume=17}}</ref> The purpose with platform sharing is to reduce the cost and have a more efficient product development process.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Robertson|first=David|author2=Ulrich Karl|title=Planning for product platforms|journal=Sloan management|year=1998|volume=39}}</ref> As empresas ganham em custo de aquisição reduzido, aproveitando as características comuns dos componentes. No entanto, isto também limita a sua capacidade de diferenciar os produtos e impõe um risco de perder a exclusividade tangível do produto. As empresas têm de fazer uma troca entre reduzindo seus custos de desenvolvimento e o grau de diferenciação dos produtos.<ref name=Olson>{{cite journal|last=Olson|first=Eirik L|title=The implication of platoformsharing on brand value|journal=Journal of product and brand management|year=2008|volume=17}}</ref> 

A definição básica de uma plataforma em automóveis, a partir de um ponto de vista técnico, inclui: sob-corpo e suspensões (com eixos) — onde o sob-corpo é feito do assoalho dianteiro, sob-piso, o compartimento do motor e o quadro (reforço do sob-corpo.<ref name= Muffatto>{{Cite journal | last = Muffatto | first = Moreno | title = Introducing a platform strategy in product development | journal = International Journal of Production Economics | volume = 60-61 | pages =  145–153 | date = 20 April 1999| doi = 10.1016/S0925-5273(98)00173-X | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref> Principais componentes mecânicos que definem uma plataforma de automóvel incluem:
* O [[piso do automóvel]], que serve como uma base para o chassis e outros componentes estruturais e mecânicos
* Dianteira e os eixos traseiros e a distância entre eles - [[Distância entre os eixos]]
* [[Esterço]] mecanismo e tipo de [[direção assistida]]
* Tipo de  [[Suspensão automotiva|Suspensão]] dianteira e traseira
* Colocação e escolha de [[motor de combustão interna|motor]] [[Cadeia cinemática|grupo motopropulsor]] e outros componentes .

<gallery>
Ficheiro:Ford Ka II front 20100809.jpg|[[Ford Ka]]
Ficheiro:2010 Fiat Panda 4x4 facelift.JPG|[[Fiat Panda]]
Ficheiro:Fiat Cinquecento.jpg|[[Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]]
Ficheiro:Carro Vermelho.JPG|[[Fiat Uno]]
Ficheiro:2012 Lancia Ypsilon 1.2 EcoChic.JPG|[[Lancia Ypsilon]] 
</gallery>

Vehicle platform-sharing combined with advanced and flexible-manufacturing technology enables automakers to sharply reduce product development and changeover times, while modular design and assembly allow building a greater variety of vehicles from one basic set of engineered components.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Schlie | first = Erik | last2 = Yip | first2 = George | title = Regional follows global: strategy mixes in the world automotive industry | journal = European Management Journal | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages =  343–354 | date = August 2000| doi = 10.1016/S0263-2373(00)00019-0 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref>
Many vendors refer to this as '''product or vehicle architecture'''. The concept of product architecture is the scheme by which the function of a product is allocated to physical components.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Ulrich | first = Karl | title = The role of product architecture in the manufacturing firm | journal = Research Policy | volume = 24 | pages =  419–441 | year = 1995| doi = 10.1016/0048-7333(94)00775-3 | issue = 3 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref>

The use of a platform strategy provides several benefits:<ref name= Muffatto/>
* Greater flexibility between plants (the possibility of transferring production from one plant to another due to standardization),
* Cost reduction achieved through using resources on a global scale,
* Increased use of plants (higher productivity due to the reduction in the number of differences), and
* Reduction of the number of platforms as a result of their localization on a worldwide basis.

The automobile platform strategy has become important in new product development and in the innovation process.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Muffatto | first = Moreno | title = Platform strategies in international new product development | journal = International Journal of Operations & Production Management | volume = 19 | issue = 5/6 | pages =  449–460 | year = 1999 | url = http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentType=Article&hdAction=lnkhtml&contentId=849183&dType=SUB&history=false | accessdate=6 November 2010 | doi = 10.1108/01443579910260766 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref> The finished products have to be responsive to market needs and to demonstrate distinctiveness while — at the same time — they must be developed and produced at low cost.<ref name= Muffatto/> Adopting such a strategy affects the development process and also has an important impact on an automaker's organizational structure.<ref name= Muffatto/> A platform strategy also offers advantages for the globalization process of automobile firms.<ref>{{cite book | last=Wilhelm |first=B. | chapter=Platform and modular concept at Volkswagen – their effect on the assembly process | editors= K. Shimokawa, U. Jürgens, and T. Fujimoto | title=Transforming Auto Assembly | publisher=Springer | year=1997 | pages= 146–156 }}</ref> 

Because the majority of time and money by an automaker is spent on the development of platforms, platform sharing affords manufacturers the ability to cut costs on research and development by spreading the cost of the [[Research and development|R&D]] over several product lines. Manufacturers are then able to offer products at a lower cost to consumers. Additionally, economies of scale are increased, as is return on investment.<ref name=Brylawski/><ref name='Balu'>{{cite web | last = Balu | first = Deepak | title = Automotive Platform Sharing: an Overview | publisher = Frost & Sullivan | date = 30 June 2004 | url = http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-top.pag?docid=20843788 |  accessdate=6 November 2010 }}</ref>

== Exemplos ==

Originally, a "platform" was a literally shared [[chassis]] from a previously-engineered vehicle, as in the case for the [[Citroën 2CV]] platform chassis used by the [[Citroën Ami]] and [[Citroën Dyane]], and  [[Volkswagen Beetle]] frame under the [[Volkswagen Karmann Ghia]]. Platform sharing has been a common practice since the 1960s when [[General Motors|GM]] used the same platform in the development of the [[Pontiac]] LeMans, the [[Buick Skylark]], the [[Chevrolet Chevelle]], and [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]]. 

In the 1980s, [[Chrysler]]'s [[Chrysler K platform|K-cars]] all wore a badge with the letter "K" to indicate their shared platform. In later stages, the "K" platform was extended in wheelbase, as well as use for several of the Corporation's different models.  
{| align ="center"
|[[File:CROMAarr.JPG|thumb|[[Fiat Croma]]]]
|[[File:Cadillac BLS front.JPG|thumb|[[Cadillac BLS]]]]
|[[File:Opel Vectra C GTS.jpg|thumb|[[Opel Vectra]] C]]
|}
GM used similar strategies with its [[GM J platform|"J" platform]] that debuted in mid-1981 in four of GM's divisions.  Subsequent to that, GM introduced its "A" bodies for the same four divisions using the same tread width/wheelbase of the "X" body platform, but with larger body work to make the cars seem larger, and with larger trunk compartments. They were popular through the 1980s, primarily. Even Cadillac started offering a "J" body model called the [[Cadillac Cimarron|Cimarron]], a much gussied up version of the other four brands' platform siblings. 
A similar strategy applied to what is known as the N-J-L platform, arguably the most prolific of GM's efforts on one platform. Once more, GM's four lower level divisions all offered various models on this platform throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s.
{| align ="center"
|[[Image:Opel ascona c.jpg|thumb|220px|1986 [[Opel Ascona]] C]]
|[[Image:1988.5 Pontiac Sunbird.jpg|thumb|290px|1988 [[Pontiac Sunbird]]]]
|-
|[[File:Cadillac Cimarron 2 -- 07-01-2009.jpg|thumb|1988 [[Cadillac Cimarron]]]]
|[[File:Daewoo Espero vl silver.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Daewoo Espero]]]]
|}

Japanese carmakers have followed the platform sharing practice with [[Honda]]'s [[Acura]] line, [[Nissan]]'s [[Infiniti]] brand, and Toyota's [[Lexus]] marque, as the entry-level luxury models are based on their mainstream lineup. For example, the [[Lexus ES]] is essentially an upgraded and rebadged [[Toyota Camry]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Rebate time and the cars are cheaper|journal=Kiplinger's Personal Finance|date=June 1992|volume=46|issue=6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wAMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA98&dq=Lexus+ES+and+Toyota+Camry+clones |accessdate=6 November 2010|page=98|quote=The most upscale Toyota Camry, the V6 XLE, and the entry-level Lexus ES 300 are clones, but the price difference between them is over $4500. For that you get a more finely finished interior on the Lexus and the promise of better service...|author1=Kiplinger Washington Editors|first1=Inc}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Simmons|first=Lee|first2=Barbara|last2=Simmons|title=Penny pinching|year=1997|publisher=Bantam Books|isbn=978-0-553-57366-4|page=131|quote=Toyota Camry XLE V-6 has exactly the same engine and shares many of the same body specifications with the Lexus ES 300. Comparably equipped, except for minor items}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Edmonston|first=Phil|title=Lemon Aide Guide 2005: New Cars and Minivans|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-14-301637-3|page=145}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Perloff|first=Jeffrey M.|title=Microeconomics|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Addison Wesley|isbn=978-0-321-16073-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_xi3AAAAIAAJ&q=Lexus+ES+and+Toyota+Camry+clones|accessdate=6 November 2010|page=672|quote=... are automotive twins, as are the Toyota Camry and Lexus ES 300.}}</ref> After [[Daimler-Benz]] purchased [[Chrysler]], Chrysler engineers used several M-B platforms for new models including the [[Chrysler Crossfire|Crossfire]] which was based on the M-B [[Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class|SLK roadster]].<ref name='Csere'>{{cite journal|title=Platform Sharing for Dummies|journal=Car and Driver|date=June 2003|first=Csaba|last=Csere |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/features/03q2/platform_sharing_for_dummies-column |accessdate=6 November 2010 }}</ref> Other models that share platforms are the European [[Ford Focus (International)|Ford Focus]], [[Mazda Axela|Mazda 3]] and the [[Volvo S40]].<ref name='Parry'>{{cite journal|title=Q&A: Richard Parry-Jones, Ford Global Product Development VP|journal=Automobile Magazine|date=April 2009 |url=http://www.automobilemag.com/q_and_a/0503_qa_parry_jones/index.html|accessdate=6 November 2010 }}</ref> 

Differences between shared models typically involve styling, including [[headlight]]s, tail lights, and front and rear [[fascia (car)|fascias]]. Examples also involve differing [[Internal combustion engine|engines]] and [[Powertrain|drivetrains]]. In some cases such as the Lexus ES that is a Toyota Camry, "same car, same blueprints, same skeleton off the same assembly line in the same factory", but the Lexus is marketed with premium coffee in the [[car dealership|dealership's]] showroom and reduced greens fees at [[Pebble Beach Golf Links]] as part of the higher-priced badge.<ref>{{cite book|last=McFarlane|first=Greg|first2=Betty|last2=Kincaid|title=Control Your Cash: Making Money Make Sense|year=2010|publisher=Mill City Press|isbn=978-1-936107-88-9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTL6BEE4-hkC&pg=PA142&dq=Lexus+ES+and+Toyota+Camry|accessdate=6 November 2010|page=142|quote=Take the Lexus ES. It boasts the sexy panache of style and elegance that no other sedan can compare to. Except the quotidian Toyota Camry, that is. Same car. Same blueprints, same skeleton off the same assembly line in the same factory, ...}}</ref>

Platform sharing ''may'' be less noticeable now; however, it is still very apparent.  Vehicle architectures primarily consist of "under the skin" components, and shared platforms can show up in unusual places, like the [[Nissan FM platform]]-mates [[Nissan 350Z]] [[sports car]] and [[Infiniti FX]] [[SUV]].  [[Volkswagen A platform]]-mates like the [[Audi TT]] and [[Volkswagen Golf]] also share much of their mechanical components but seem visually entirely different.  [[Volkswagen Group]] and [[Toyota]] have both had much success building many well differentiated vehicles from many [[marque]]s, from the same platforms.  One of the least conspicuous recent examples is the [[Chevy Trailblazer]] and [[Chevy SSR]]; both use the GMT-360 platform.  [[Opel Astra]] and [[Chevy HHR]] also share a platform yet are visually entirely different.

== Vantagens ==
;Easier [[inventory]] management/smaller number of parts
:Platform sharing allows for fewer parts for different models of vehicles and therefore the task of inventorying those parts is greatly reduced.<ref name=Brylawski/>
;Lower development costs
:Platform sharing allows manufacturers to cover many different market segments when a platform sharing strategy is implemented. This is exemplified by [[Ford Motor Company|Ford Motor Co.]] in the case of the [[Ford Explorer]], [[Mercury Mountaineer]] and [[Lincoln Aviator]]. They are essentially the same only they are considered mass-market, near luxury and luxury vehicles.<ref name=Balu/>
;Increased quality and innovation
:Platform sharing allows manufacturers to design parts with fewer variation. A byproduct of this is increased quality, which results in lower defect rates.<ref name=Brylawski/>
;Global standardization
:Platform sharing allows manufacturers to design flexible platforms that can be tailored to a country's specific needs without compromising quality. It also allows for manufacturing standardization and improved logistics.<ref name=Brylawski/>
;Greater product variety
:Platform sharing allows manufacturers to build/design differentiated products faster and cheaper. This is possible because the development and cost of the original platform have already been paid for.<ref name=Brylawski/>

== Inconvenientes ==
;[[Badge engineering]]
:Manufacturers that practice platform sharing have the ability to create several models based on the same design, but with different names. This leads to the public looking over certain models and cannibalized sales from competing divisions with essentially the same product. This was prevalent among U.S. domestic manufactures from the 1970s onward, e.g., the [[Chevrolet Trailblazer]], [[GMC Envoy]], [[Buick Rainier]], [[Saab 9-7X]], and [[Isuzu Ascender]].<ref name=Brylawski/><ref name=Csere/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Inside Truck Platform Sharing|journal=Motor Trend|date=2008-04-22|first=|last=|volume=|issue=|pages= |url=http://www.motortrend.com/buyersguide/buylease/112_0501_ic_plat|accessdate=2008-04-29 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080420182129/http://www.motortrend.com/buyersguide/buylease/112_0501_ic_plat| archivedate= 20 April 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
;Incompatible changes to platforms
:The two elements of platforms are constant and non-constant. If the non-constant elements are not designed to be easily integrated into the constant elements of the platform, extensive and expensive changes will have to be made in order to make the elements compatible again. Failure to do so negates the purpose of platform sharing in that it increases costs as opposed to reducing them.<ref name=Brylawski/><ref name=Balu/>
;Product dilution
:Platform sharing has the ability to be used in too many different models. However, in the mind of the consumers, the products may be too similar and more expensive products may be perceived to be cheaper.<ref name=Brylawski/> For example, the perceived value of a "luxury" brand may be not as desirable if it is too similar to a mass-market version of the same platform. Conversely, platform sharing may increase the price of the economic models.<ref name=Brylawski/> Examples of [[luxury vehicles]] that suffered from being based on economy platforms include the [[Cadillac Cimarron]], the [[Chrysler TC by Maserati]], and the [[Jaguar X-Type]].
;Risk concentration/Higher [[Product recall|recall]] rate
:The propensity for a higher number of recall is greatly increased with platform sharing. If a defect is found in one model and that model shares its platform with ten other models, the recall would be magnified by ten thus costing the manufacturer more time and money to fix.<ref name=Brylawski/><ref name=Balu/> An example of problems spreading across platforms and numerous versions of models are the [[2009–11 Toyota vehicle recalls]].

==Ver também==
{|align="right"
|[[Ficheiro:Chevrolet HHR LS.jpg|thumb|[[GM Delta platform]]: Chevrolet HHR]]
|[[Ficheiro:Opel Astra Papyrus.JPG|thumb|180px|[[GM Delta platform]]: Opel Astra]]
|}
* [[Lista de plataformas Chrysler]]
* [[Lista de plataformas Ford]]
* [[Lista de plataformas GM]]
* [[Lista de plataformas Mazda]]
* [[Lista de plataformas Mitsubishi]]
* [[Lista de plataformas Nissan]]
* [[Lista de plataformas Toyota]]
* [[Lista de plataformas Grupo Volkswagen]]
* [[:Categoria:Hyundai-Kia plataformas|Lista de plataformas Hyundai-Kia]]
* [[:Categoria:Plataformas Fiat|Lista de plataformas Fiat]]

{{clear}}

== Referencias ==
{{reflist}}

== Ligações externas ==
*[http://www.eetimes.com/news/design/columns/eda/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=17408738 EE Times]
*[http://www.safecarguide.com/gui/nee/types.htm Safe Car Guide]
*[http://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/1604_16.html California government]
*[http://www.motorauthority.com/cars/general-motors/gm-looks-to-daewoo-for-small-car-platforms/ Motor Authority]
*[http://news.windingroad.com/?s=platform Winding Road]<!-- Broken 2012-02-23 -->
*[http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/alfa-in-platform-sharing-talks-with-tata/ The Truth about Cars]
*[http://www.motortrend.com/buyersguide/buylease/112_0501_ic_plat Motor Trend]

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[[Categoria:Automotive tecnologias]]
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